Sources and verification
The policy
Section titled “The policy”Nothing about AmiBroker behaviour, AFL syntax, backtest metric names or data-vendor capability appears in this course without having been checked against an official source. Where something could not be verified, the course says so rather than filling the gap with a confident guess.
Sources are used in this order of authority:
- AmiBroker User’s Guide — https://www.amibroker.com/guide/
- AFL Function Reference — the per-function pages under
/guide/afl/ - AmiBroker Knowledge Base — https://www.amibroker.com/kb/
- Release notes and What’s New
- Official documentation from the relevant broker or market-data vendor
Forum posts, blogs and videos are useful for understanding why something works the way it does. They are never used to establish that it works that way, and they never override the User’s Guide.
What “validated against 7.00.1” means
Section titled “What “validated against 7.00.1” means”The course is written against AmiBroker 7.00.1, released 22 December 2025. Most of the material applies unchanged to 6.x, and where behaviour is version-dependent the lesson says which version it is describing.
That claim has limits worth stating plainly:
- AFL syntax, argument order, return types and documented behaviour were checked against the official reference for every function the course uses.
- The formulas were written to that documentation and reviewed against it.
- They have not been executed against a live AmiBroker installation as part of producing this site, because that requires a licensed Windows installation and a data set. Every example therefore tells you how to test it yourself, and the lessons ask you to verify results rather than trust them.
If you find something that does not behave as described, the official documentation wins, and the course is wrong. Please treat it that way.
Provider information ages fastest
Section titled “Provider information ages fastest”Parts 17 to 25 describe software this course does not control. Data vendors change their products, their pricing and their entitlement rules regularly, and some official pages carry a “current as of” date that is already old. Those lessons:
- state what could be verified and what could not;
- note where the official page itself appears dated;
- avoid quoting prices, which date immediately;
- tell you to confirm with the vendor before committing money.
Every source cited
Section titled “Every source cited”The index below is built from the pages themselves — each lesson records its sources in its own metadata, and this list is assembled from those records at build time. It cannot list a citation the course does not make, and it cannot miss one that it does.
Pages that make no checkable claim about AmiBroker — the conceptual lessons on market structure, probability and research method — carry no citations, which is why the page count below is smaller than the number of lessons.
322 distinct sources are cited across 223 of the course's 206 content pages. Pages that make no checkable claim about AmiBroker behaviour — conceptual lessons about market structure or research method — carry no citations, which is why the counts differ.
amibroker.com
- AFL Function Reference -retrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P11 Include Files and Building a LibraryP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility LibraryP11 Variable Scope: local, global and the Traps
- AFL Function Reference -retrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P11 Include Files and Building a LibraryP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AFL Function Reference - _exitretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference - ADLineretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its Measures
- AFL Function Reference - AdvIssuesretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its Measures
- AFL Function Reference - DecIssuesretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its Measures
- AFL Function Reference - RelStrengthretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Relative Strength: What It Does and Does Not MeanP15 Benchmarks and Relative PerformanceP15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()
- AFL Function Reference - SetForeignretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP13 Relative Strength: What It Does and Does Not MeanP15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarAddretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarCompareExchangeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarCountretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarGenerateRanksretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP13 Ranking versus FilteringP13 StaticVarGenerateRanks() and Top-N SelectionP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarGetretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarGetRankedSymbolsretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarInforetrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarRemoveretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP13 StaticVarGenerateRanks() and Top-N SelectionP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference - StaticVarSetretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP13 StaticVarGenerateRanks() and Top-N SelectionP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference - Trinretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its Measures
- AFL Function Reference - UncIssuesretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its Measures
- AFL Function Reference — _SECTION_BEGINretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Your First Formula
- AFL Function Reference — _TRACEretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Errors, Debugging and Sanity ChecksP11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP36 Advanced Debugging and Tracing
- AFL Function Reference — _TRACEFretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Errors, Debugging and Sanity ChecksP36 Advanced Debugging and Tracing
- AFL Function Reference — AccDistretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — AddColumnretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Colour arguments and the barchart argument
Used by:P5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P12 Conditional Formatting, Sorting and Ranking ColumnsP12 Exploration: Filter, AddColumn and AddTextColumnP12 Project: Build a Daily Stock ScreenerP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe ScannerP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of PerformanceP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AFL Function Reference — AddMultiTextColumnretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P12 Building Screening Filters That Mean SomethingP12 Exploration: Filter, AddColumn and AddTextColumnP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AFL Function Reference — AddRankColumnretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P12 Conditional Formatting, Sorting and Ranking ColumnsP13 Ranking versus FilteringP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AFL Function Reference — AddSummaryRowsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Summary rows are added at the top of the list
Used by:P37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P12 Building Screening Filters That Mean SomethingP12 Conditional Formatting, Sorting and Ranking ColumnsP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP12 Project: Build a Daily Stock ScreenerP12 Reality Check: Do High-Volume Breakouts Lead Anywhere?P24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session LiveP30 Insufficient Evidence and Regime Dependence
- AFL Function Reference — AddTextColumnretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P12 Exploration: Filter, AddColumn and AddTextColumnP24 Project: Intraday Breakout Scanner
- AFL Function Reference — AddToCompositeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 1: Market DashboardP16 Breadth Divergence and Market RegimeP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AFL Function Reference — ADXretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 ADX and Directional Movement
- AFL Function Reference — AlertIfretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP25 Alert Mechanisms and AlertIf()P25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop ThemP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and AlertsP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AFL Function Reference — AMAretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMA
- AFL Function Reference — ApplyStopretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: ExitAtStop; Author's note on stop evaluation order and the fixed ruin stop; volatile parameter, Chandelier exit
Used by:P37 Component 6: The Trading StrategyP27 Execution Assumptions You Must StateP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP28 Project: A Realistic Portfolio BacktestP28 Stops with ApplyStop()P30 Challenge Collection: Six Broken BacktestsP30 Challenge: 180% a Year with a 3% DrawdownP30 Unrealistic Fills, Costs and LiquidityP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward AnalysisP33 Sequence Risk and Risk of RuinP34 Lab: Same Strategy, Three Position-Sizing ModelsP34 Risk Per Trade and Stop DistanceP34 Volatility-Based Position Sizing
- AFL Function Reference — ATRretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Author comment on Wilder's smoothing; Comments on Wilder's smoothing and ATR(1)
Used by:P4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P5 Support and Resistance as ZonesP6 ADX and Directional MovementP6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP6 Volatility: True Range, ATR and Bollinger BandsP7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP10 Project: ATR Volatility IndicatorP10 Project: Multi-Indicator Analysis PanelP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP12 Building Screening Filters That Mean SomethingP12 Project: Build a Daily Stock ScreenerP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session LiveP34 Lab: Same Strategy, Three Position-Sizing ModelsP34 Volatility-Based Position SizingP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AFL Function Reference — BarIndexretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: New in 5.30: BarIndex() now returns values always starting from zero
Used by:P5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This CourseP9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, SumP11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP15 Benchmarks and Relative PerformanceP15 Data Alignment Pitfalls Across SymbolsP16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AFL Function Reference — BarsSinceretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, SumP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP16 Breadth Divergence and Market RegimeP27 From Hypothesis to Rules
- AFL Function Reference — BBandBotretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — BBandTopretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP6 Volatility: True Range, ATR and Bollinger Bands
- AFL Function Reference — CategoryGetNameretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — ColorRGBretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Correlationretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P15 Sectors and Intermarket AnalysisP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and Correlation
- AFL Function Reference — Crossretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 3: ScannerP5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP6 Moving Average Slope and CrossoversP6 MACDP9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 State versus Event: The Distinction That Breaks FormulasP12 Lab: Your First ScanP27 From Hypothesis to RulesP27 From Rules to AFLP28 Reality Check: Is the Golden Cross Worth Anything?
- AFL Function Reference — Cumretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP7 Context, Evidence and Base RatesP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick PatternsP7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, SumP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-Hours
- AFL Function Reference — DateNumretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P32 In-Sample and Out-of-Sample
- AFL Function Reference — DateTimeToStrretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Chart Titles and Dynamic TextP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest Limits
- AFL Function Reference — DEMAretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Convergence with an EMA-composed equivalent
Used by:P6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average Indicator
- AFL Function Reference — EMAretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Author comment on initialisation
Used by:P6 MACDP6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average Indicator
- AFL Function Reference — EnableRotationalTradingretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P28 Portfolio Backtesting: Many Symbols, One Account
- AFL Function Reference — EncodeColorretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Equityretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Flags = 1; Reading portfolio equity via the ~~~EQUITY ticker
Used by:P9 Cleaning Signals: ExRem, ExRemSpan and FlipP28 Stops with ApplyStop()P34 Drawdown and Risk of Ruin in Practice
- AFL Function Reference — ExRemretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 Cleaning Signals: ExRem, ExRemSpan and FlipP9 State versus Event: The Distinction That Breaks FormulasP10 PlotShapes() and Visual SignalsP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop ThemP27 From Hypothesis to Rules
- AFL Function Reference — ExRemSpanretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P9 Cleaning Signals: ExRem, ExRemSpan and FlipP25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop Them
- AFL Function Reference — Flipretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P9 Cleaning Signals: ExRem, ExRemSpan and FlipP9 State versus Event: The Distinction That Breaks FormulasP10 PlotShapes() and Visual SignalsP16 Breadth Divergence and Market RegimeP25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop Them
- AFL Function Reference — fopenretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: shared parameter (new in 5.80)
- AFL Function Reference — Foreignretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: fixup parameter; Author's note on synchronisation
Used by:P37 Component 1: Market DashboardP37 Component 3: ScannerP2 Data Defects in PracticeP2 OHLCV and What a Bar HidesP15 Benchmarks and Relative PerformanceP15 Data Alignment Pitfalls Across SymbolsP15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()P15 Project: Relative Strength Comparison ToolP16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its MeasuresP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P30 Insufficient Evidence and Regime DependenceP33 What Monte Carlo Can and Cannot Tell YouP34 Drawdown and Risk of Ruin in PracticeP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and CorrelationP35 Defining Your Universe and Market Regime
- AFL Function Reference — GapDownretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — GapUpretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — GetBacktesterObjectretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — GetBaseIndexretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()P15 Project: Relative Strength Comparison Tool
- AFL Function Reference — GetChartBkColorretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — GetChartIDretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AFL Function Reference — GetOptionretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: NoDefaultColumns
Used by:P37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP12 The Analysis Window and Its Four ModesP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP28 Costs: Commissions, Slippage and the Spread
- AFL Function Reference — GetPlaybackDateTimeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Capstone Overview and RequirementsP37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported FeedsP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading LayoutP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 Project: Real-Time Quote DashboardP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest LimitsP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session LiveP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and Alerts
- AFL Function Reference — GetPriceStyleretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — GetRTDataretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: available ONLY in PROFESSIONAL edition
Used by:P37 Capstone: Build Your Own AmiBroker Trading Research WorkstationP37 Capstone Overview and RequirementsP37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceP1 Bid, Ask, Spread and LiquidityP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported FeedsP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP23 Knowing Where You Are: Status() and Execution ContextP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP23 Project: Real-Time Quote DashboardWhat You Need
- AFL Function Reference — GetTradingInterfaceretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AFL Function Reference — GroupIDretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — HHVretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 3: ScannerP4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP5 Support and Resistance as ZonesP6 The Stochastic OscillatorP7 Classic Chart PatternsP9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 Running Extremes: HHV, LLV and FriendsP12 Challenge: The Scan That Returns NothingP12 Reality Check: Do High-Volume Breakouts Lead Anywhere?P16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session Live
- AFL Function Reference — HHVBarsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP9 Running Extremes: HHV, LLV and Friends
- AFL Function Reference — Highestretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — HighestSinceretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 ValueWhen(): Carrying a Value ForwardP19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP24 Defining Intraday Setup Conditions
- AFL Function Reference — HighestSinceBarsretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — IIfretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()
- AFL Function Reference — IndustryIDretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Insideretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — Intervalretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 4: Multi-Timeframe ChartP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP19 Intraday Database Settings in DetailP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest Limits
- AFL Function Reference — InWatchListretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P2 Survivorship, Delistings and Index MembershipP3 Symbols, Watchlists and Categories
- AFL Function Reference — InWatchListNameretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — IsEmptyretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — IsFiniteretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility Library
- AFL Function Reference — IsNullretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Null Values, Nz() and Warm-Up PeriodsP9 Referencing Past Bars with Ref()P11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad Data
- AFL Function Reference — IsTrueretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P9 State versus Event: The Distinction That Breaks FormulasP12 Challenge: The Scan That Returns NothingP12 Project: Build a Daily Stock Screener
- AFL Function Reference — LastValueretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P8 Null Values, Nz() and Warm-Up PeriodsP8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This CourseP36 Dynamic Variables: VarSet, VarGet and Friends
- AFL Function Reference — LineArrayretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Trendlines and Channels
- AFL Function Reference — LinearRegretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Trendlines and ChannelsP6 Moving Average Slope and Crossovers
- AFL Function Reference — LinRegSloperetrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — LLVretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P5 Support and Resistance as ZonesP6 The Stochastic OscillatorP7 Classic Chart PatternsP9 Running Extremes: HHV, LLV and Friends
- AFL Function Reference — LLVBarsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP9 Running Extremes: HHV, LLV and Friends
- AFL Function Reference — logretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Lowestretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — LowestSinceretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP9 ValueWhen(): Carrying a Value Forward
- AFL Function Reference — MAretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP6 What an Indicator Actually IsP8 Your First FormulaP10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average IndicatorP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP28 Reality Check: Is the Golden Cross Worth Anything?P31 Reading Parameter Surfaces
- AFL Function Reference — MACDretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 MACD
- AFL Function Reference — MarketIDretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Matrixretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Maxretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP10 Project: ATR Volatility IndicatorP31 Best Value versus Robust Region
- AFL Function Reference — MDIretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 ADX and Directional Movement
- AFL Function Reference — Medianretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: LOWER median is returned when period is even
Used by:P37 Component 3: ScannerP37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP6 Volume and Volume-Based IndicatorsP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility Library
- AFL Function Reference — MFIretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Minretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — mtRandomretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P30 Data Snooping, Curve Fitting and OverfittingP33 The AmiBroker Monte Carlo WorkflowP33 The Limits of SimulationP33 Sequence Risk and Risk of Ruin
- AFL Function Reference — mtRandomAretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxCopyretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxDetretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxFromStringretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxGetBlockretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxSetBlockretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxSolveretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxSortretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — MxSortRowsretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — NullCountretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 ADX and Directional MovementP8 Errors, Debugging and Sanity ChecksP8 Null Values, Nz() and Warm-Up PeriodsP9 Referencing Past Bars with Ref()P11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()
- AFL Function Reference — NumToStrretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Third parameter separator
Used by:P4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP10 Chart Titles and Dynamic TextP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility Library
- AFL Function Reference — Nzretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P7 Context, Evidence and Base RatesP7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P8 Null Values, Nz() and Warm-Up PeriodsP8 Variables, Numbers and ExpressionsP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP11 User-Defined Functions and ProceduresP12 Building Screening Filters That Mean SomethingP12 Challenge: The Scan That Returns Nothing
- AFL Function Reference — OBVretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Optimizeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP37 Component 6: The Trading StrategyP28 Costs: Commissions, Slippage and the SpreadP28 Reality Check: Is the Golden Cross Worth Anything?P30 Challenge: 180% a Year with a 3% DrawdownP30 Data Snooping, Curve Fitting and OverfittingP31 Best Value versus Robust RegionP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 Reading Parameter SurfacesP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward AnalysisP32 Walk-Forward Methodology
- AFL Function Reference — Outsideretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — Paramretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColorP11 User-Defined Functions and ProceduresP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP33 Sequence Risk and Risk of Ruin
- AFL Function Reference — ParamColorretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AFL Function Reference — ParamDateretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — ParamFieldretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AFL Function Reference — ParamListretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColorP16 Project: Market Breadth Dashboard
- AFL Function Reference — ParamStyleretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AFL Function Reference — ParamToggleretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P7 Multi-Bar Candlestick PatternsP10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AFL Function Reference — ParamTriggerretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AFL Function Reference — PDIretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 ADX and Directional Movement
- AFL Function Reference — Peakretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Trendlines and ChannelsP7 Classic Chart Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — PeakBarsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P7 Classic Chart Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — Percentileretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Volume and Volume-Based IndicatorsP10 Project: ATR Volatility Indicator
- AFL Function Reference — PercentRankretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 1: Market DashboardP37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP6 Volatility: True Range, ATR and Bollinger BandsP10 Project: ATR Volatility IndicatorP10 Project: Multi-Indicator Analysis Panel
- AFL Function Reference — PlaySoundretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Plotretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: minvalue and maxvalue (used by styleOwnScale plots ONLY); styleCloud; style constants
Used by:P37 Component 1: Market DashboardP37 Component 4: Multi-Timeframe ChartP4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP4 Market Structure: Trends, Ranges and TransitionsP6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP8 Your First FormulaP10 Plotting with Plot(): Styles, Colours and PanesP10 Project: ATR Volatility IndicatorP10 Project: Multi-Indicator Analysis PanelP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe Trend IndicatorP15 Project: Relative Strength Comparison Tool
- AFL Function Reference — PlotForeignretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()P32 The AmiBroker Walk-Forward Workflow
- AFL Function Reference — PlotGridretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP5 Support and Resistance as ZonesP6 ADX and Directional MovementP6 RSI and Rate of ChangeP10 Plotting with Plot(): Styles, Colours and Panes
- AFL Function Reference — PlotOHLCretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — PlotShapesretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP6 Moving Average Slope and CrossoversP7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP7 Classic Chart PatternsP10 PlotShapes() and Visual Signals
- AFL Function Reference — PlotTextretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — PlotTextSetFontretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — printfretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Variables, Numbers and ExpressionsP36 Advanced Debugging and Tracing
- AFL Function Reference — Refretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: A positive period references n periods in the future
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Breakouts, Failed Breakouts and Role ReversalP5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P5 Support and Resistance as ZonesP6 Moving Average Slope and CrossoversP6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P6 RSI and Rate of ChangeP7 Context, Evidence and Base RatesP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick PatternsP7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 Referencing Past Bars with Ref()P12 Reality Check: Do High-Volume Breakouts Lead Anywhere?P27 From Rules to AFLP30 Challenge Collection: Six Broken BacktestsP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AFL Function Reference — RequestTimedRefreshretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 Knowing Where You Are: Status() and Execution ContextP23 Project: Real-Time Quote DashboardP23 RequestTimedRefresh() and Real-Time PerformanceP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest Limits
- AFL Function Reference — RestorePriceArraysretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()
- AFL Function Reference — ROCretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 RSI and Rate of ChangeP6 What an Indicator Actually IsP7 Classic Chart PatternsP13 Relative Strength: What It Does and Does Not Mean
- AFL Function Reference — RSIretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Internal implementation comment by Tomasz Janeczko; Internal implementation comment
Used by:P6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P6 RSI and Rate of ChangeP6 What an Indicator Actually IsP10 Project: Multi-Indicator Analysis PanelP13 Relative Strength: What It Does and Does Not Mean
- AFL Function Reference — SafeDivideretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 1: Market DashboardP5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP7 Context, Evidence and Base RatesP7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P8 Variables, Numbers and ExpressionsP16 Breadth Divergence and Market RegimeP16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP28 Portfolio Backtesting: Many Symbols, One AccountP28 Stops with ApplyStop()P30 Insufficient Evidence and Regime DependenceP30 Position Sizing and Portfolio ErrorsP30 Unrealistic Fills, Costs and Liquidity
- AFL Function Reference — SectorIDretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P15 Sectors and Intermarket AnalysisP16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and Correlation
- AFL Function Reference — SelectedValueretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP10 Chart Titles and Dynamic Text
- AFL Function Reference — SendEmailretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — SetBacktestModeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P28 Backtester Basics: Signals and Trade PricesP28 Portfolio Backtesting: Many Symbols, One AccountP30 Challenge Collection: Six Broken Backtests
- AFL Function Reference — SetBarFillColorretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP10 Plotting with Plot(): Styles, Colours and Panes
- AFL Function Reference — SetBarsRequiredretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 1: Market DashboardP7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P9 Running Extremes: HHV, LLV and FriendsP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()P24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP28 Stops with ApplyStop()P29 Equity Curve AnalysisP30 Insufficient Evidence and Regime DependenceP32 Interpreting Out-of-Sample DegradationP35 The Research Lifecycle End to EndP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AFL Function Reference — SetChartBkColorretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading Layout
- AFL Function Reference — SetChartOptionsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Linear versus Logarithmic ScalingP10 Project: Multi-Indicator Analysis Panel
- AFL Function Reference — SetCustomBacktestProcretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — SetOptionretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: NoDefaultColumns; StaticVarAutoSave; CommissionMode, CommissionAmount, PriceBoundChecking; MaxOpenLong, MaxOpenShort, SeparateLongShortRank; ActivateStopsImmediately, HoldMinBars; UsePrevBarEquityForPosSizing, AccountMargin, MinPosValue, AllowPositionShrinking; PriceBoundChecking, CommissionMode; PriceBoundChecking; MinShares, MinPosValue, AllowPositionShrinking, DisableRuinStop; AllowPositionShrinking
Used by:P37 Component 6: The Trading StrategyP12 Exploration: Filter, AddColumn and AddTextColumnP13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP27 Execution Assumptions You Must StateP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP27 From Rules to AFLP28 Backtester Basics: Signals and Trade PricesP28 Costs: Commissions, Slippage and the SpreadP28 Portfolio Backtesting: Many Symbols, One AccountP28 Position Sizing with SetPositionSize()P28 Project: A Realistic Portfolio BacktestP28 Single-Symbol Thinking versus Portfolio RealityP28 Stops with ApplyStop()P29 Return Metrics: Net Profit, CAR, RAR and ExposureP30 Data Snooping, Curve Fitting and OverfittingP30 Position Sizing and Portfolio ErrorsP30 Unrealistic Fills, Costs and LiquidityP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 Optimization Targets and Search EnginesP31 Reading Parameter SurfacesP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP33 The AmiBroker Monte Carlo WorkflowP33 The Limits of SimulationP33 Sequence Risk and Risk of RuinP33 What Monte Carlo Can and Cannot Tell YouP34 Lab: Same Strategy, Three Position-Sizing ModelsP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and CorrelationP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of PerformanceP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference — SetPositionSizeretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: spsShares, spsPercentOfEquity, spsValue
Used by:P37 Component 6: The Trading StrategyP27 Execution Assumptions You Must StateP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP28 Portfolio Backtesting: Many Symbols, One AccountP28 Position Sizing with SetPositionSize()P28 Project: A Realistic Portfolio BacktestP30 Position Sizing and Portfolio ErrorsP34 Lab: Same Strategy, Three Position-Sizing ModelsP34 Risk Per Trade and Stop DistanceP34 Volatility-Based Position Sizing
- AFL Function Reference — SetSortColumnsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP12 Conditional Formatting, Sorting and Ranking ColumnsP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP12 Reality Check: Do High-Volume Breakouts Lead Anywhere?P13 Ranking versus FilteringP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe ScannerP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AFL Function Reference — SetTradeDelaysretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 6: The Trading StrategyP1 Participants, Brokers and OrdersP27 From Rules to AFLP28 Backtester Basics: Signals and Trade PricesP30 Challenge: 180% a Year with a 3% DrawdownP30 Look-Ahead BiasP30 Unrealistic Fills, Costs and LiquidityP32 In-Sample and Out-of-SampleP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward AnalysisP34 Lab: Same Strategy, Three Position-Sizing ModelsP34 Risk Per Trade and Stop Distance
- AFL Function Reference — ShellExecuteretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Signalretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 MACD
- AFL Function Reference — StaticVarGetTextretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P36 Static Variables in Depth
- AFL Function Reference — Statusretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: lastbarinrange; firstbarinrange and lastbarinrange; Low-level graphics example using local declarations; "action" and the action constants; firstvisiblebar; action; timeshift; timeshift, lastbartimeleft; timeshift, lastbarend, lastbartimeleft, lastrtupdate; stocknum; rangefromdate / rangetodate
Used by:P37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P8 What AFL Is and Where It RunsP9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, SumP11 Variable Scope: local, global and the TrapsP12 The Analysis Window and Its Four ModesP12 Challenge: The Scan That Returns NothingP12 Exploration: Filter, AddColumn and AddTextColumnP12 Project: Build a Daily Stock ScreenerP15 Benchmarks and Relative PerformanceP15 Project: Relative Strength Comparison ToolP16 Breadth Divergence and Market RegimeP17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP19 Intraday Database Settings in DetailP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading LayoutP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 Knowing Where You Are: Status() and Execution ContextP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP23 Project: Real-Time Quote DashboardP23 RequestTimedRefresh() and Real-Time PerformanceP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session LiveP30 Data Snooping, Curve Fitting and OverfittingP30 Survivorship and Selection BiasP32 In-Sample and Out-of-SampleP33 What Monte Carlo Can and Cannot Tell YouP36 Introduction to the Custom Backtester Interface
- AFL Function Reference — StDevretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: AmiBroker 6.20 adds 3rd argument Population = True
Used by:P5 Consolidation and Volatility ContractionP5 Trendlines and ChannelsP6 Volatility: True Range, ATR and Bollinger BandsP10 Project: ATR Volatility IndicatorP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility Library
- AFL Function Reference — StochDretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 The Stochastic Oscillator
- AFL Function Reference — StochKretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 The Stochastic Oscillator
- AFL Function Reference — StrExtractretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — StrFormatretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP8 Your First FormulaP10 Chart Titles and Dynamic Text
- AFL Function Reference — Studyretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Trendlines and Channels
- AFL Function Reference — Sumretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, Sum
- AFL Function Reference — SumSinceretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, SumP9 ValueWhen(): Carrying a Value ForwardP24 Defining Intraday Setup Conditions
- AFL Function Reference — TEMAretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — TimeFrameCompressretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P14 Expansion Modes and the Look-Ahead TrapP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AFL Function Reference — TimeFrameExpandretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Component 4: Multi-Timeframe ChartP14 Expansion Modes and the Look-Ahead TrapP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe Trend IndicatorP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe ScannerP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and AlertsP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AFL Function Reference — TimeFrameGetPriceretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: if shift = 0 compressed data may look into the future
Used by:P37 Component 4: Multi-Timeframe ChartP14 Expansion Modes and the Look-Ahead TrapP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe Trend IndicatorP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe ScannerP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()P24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP30 Challenge Collection: Six Broken BacktestsP30 Challenge: 180% a Year with a 3% DrawdownP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AFL Function Reference — TimeFrameRestoreretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — TimeFrameSetretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P14 Project: Multi-Timeframe Trend IndicatorP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()P14 Why Traders Use Multiple TimeframesP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and Alerts
- AFL Function Reference — TimeNumretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and Alerts
- AFL Function Reference — Troughretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Trendlines and ChannelsP7 Classic Chart Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — TroughBarsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P7 Classic Chart Patterns
- AFL Function Reference — ValueWhenretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Market Structure: Trends, Ranges and TransitionsP4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 ValueWhen(): Carrying a Value ForwardP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP15 Benchmarks and Relative PerformanceP15 Project: Relative Strength Comparison ToolP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP24 Defining Intraday Setup Conditions
- AFL Function Reference — VarGetretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — VarGetTextretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — VarSetretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — VarSetTextretrieved 2026-08-31
- AFL Function Reference — Wildersretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 ADX and Directional MovementP10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average Indicator
- AFL Function Reference — WMAretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average Indicator
- AFL Function Reference — WriteIfretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Market Structure: Trends, Ranges and TransitionsP7 Multi-Bar Candlestick PatternsP8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()P10 Chart Titles and Dynamic TextP10 Project: Trend Regime IndicatorP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session Live
- AFL Function Reference — WriteValretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P7 Candlestick Anatomy and Single-Bar PatternsP10 Chart Titles and Dynamic Text
- AFL Function Reference — Zigretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P4 Swings, Highs and LowsP5 Trendlines and ChannelsP7 Classic Chart Patterns
- AmiBroker — DDE universal data pluginretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker — Download pageretrieved 2026-08-31, 2026-09-01
Sections: AmiQuote 4.40 Official Release
Used by:Technical Analysis with AmiBrokerP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuoteWhat You Need
- AmiBroker — IBController readmeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AmiBroker — Interactive Brokers data plug-inretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP19 Backfill and Database Maintenance
- AmiBroker — IQFeed for AmiBrokerretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP18 Appendix: IQFeed
- AmiBroker — ODBC/SQL universal data pluginretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker — Orderretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Importing and Updating Market DataP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP19 The Base Interval Decision
- AmiBroker — Productsretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker — Registered data plug-in identifiersretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P18 Real-Time Data ProvidersP18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported Feeds
- AmiBroker AFL Function Referenceretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Checked for TrueRange, which is absent; #include_once entry
Used by:About This CourseHow to Use This CourseP6 Volatility: True Range, ATR and Bollinger BandsP11 Include Files and Building a LibraryAFL Function ReferenceGlossary
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — CategoryAddSymbolretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Symbols, Watchlists and CategoriesP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily Workflow
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — CategoryGetSymbolsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Symbols, Watchlists and CategoriesP15 Sectors and Intermarket AnalysisP30 Survivorship and Selection BiasP35 Defining Your Universe and Market Regime
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — DateTimeretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — DateTimeConvertretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP23 Project: Real-Time Quote Dashboard
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — DateTimeDiffretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP23 Project: Real-Time Quote DashboardP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — GetPerformanceCounterretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P23 RequestTimedRefresh() and Real-Time PerformanceP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP36 Advanced Debugging and TracingP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — GetRTDataForeignretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote Fields
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — GfxSetOverlayModeretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — GfxTextOutretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — Nowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — OptimizerSetEngineretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — OptimizerSetOptionretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — RequestMouseMoveRefreshretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference — Versionretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP11 Include Files and Building a LibraryP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility Library
- AmiBroker AFL Function Reference by categoryretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:AFL Function Reference
- AmiBroker keyword reference - staticretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP36 Static Variables in Depth
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — AmiQuote and free data from Yahooretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P2 Splits, Dividends and Adjusted DataP3 Importing and Updating Market DataP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuote
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Differences between 32-bit and 64-bit versionretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your Setup
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Do not exceed real-time symbol limitretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP18 Appendix: IQFeedP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and Costs
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Do NOT make assumptions on number of barsretrieved 2026-09-01
Used by:P8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This Course
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Drawing indicators on a subset of visible barsretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — How to backfill all symbols in RT databaseretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and Costs
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — How to correct forward-looking timestampsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — New keywords in AFL and possible conflict with user-defined variablesretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — QuickAFL factsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P14 Project: Multi-Timeframe Trend IndicatorP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()P16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP30 Look-Ahead BiasP32 Interpreting Out-of-Sample DegradationP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Using Exclude statement to skip unwanted optimization stepsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P31 Best Value versus Robust RegionP31 What Optimize() Actually Does
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Using optimum parameter values in backtestingretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 What Optimize() Actually Does
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — What are constants in AFL and how they workretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — When and how often AFL code is executedretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 What AFL Is and Where It Runs
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Why Analysis results and chart output may differretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AmiBroker Knowledge Base — Wrong close price in Yahoo dataretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P2 Splits, Dividends and Adjusted DataP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuote
- AmiBroker User's Guideretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:How to Use This CourseDisclaimerGlossarySources and verification
- AmiBroker User's Guide - Calculating multiple-security statistics with AddToCompositeretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P16 Project: Market Breadth Dashboard
- AmiBroker User's Guide - Filter settings (Apply to)retrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide - Ranking functionalityretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P13 Ranking and Relative StrengthP13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP13 Ranking versus FilteringP13 Relative Strength: What It Does and Does Not MeanP13 StaticVarGenerateRanks() and Top-N SelectionP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AmiBroker User's Guide - Using code snippetsretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — 32-bit/64-bit compatibility chartretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP18 Appendix: Interactive Brokers
- AmiBroker User's Guide — About AmiBroker Editionsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Getting Started with AmiBrokerP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP17 Introduction to Real-Time MarketsP17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP22 Real-Time Quotes and Time & SalesP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP25 Alert Mechanisms and AlertIf()P25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest LimitsP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and AlertsP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AmiBroker User's Guide — AFL error listretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Syntax Basics: Statements, Comments and NamesP8 Variables, Numbers and ExpressionsP8 Your First FormulaP11 Include Files and Building a LibraryP11 User-Defined Functions and ProceduresP11 Variable Scope: local, global and the Traps
- AmiBroker User's Guide — AFL Formula Editorretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP3 The AmiBroker Interface and Its VocabularyP8 Syntax Basics: Statements, Comments and NamesP8 What AFL Is and Where It Runs
- AmiBroker User's Guide — AFL keywordsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()P8 Syntax Basics: Statements, Comments and Names
- AmiBroker User's Guide — AFL language referenceretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Identifiers; BarCount; Identifiers and example formulas; Predefined price array identifiers; Comparison operators; Operator precedence; Logical operators and precedence; Lexical elements; Built-in price arrays and the subscript operator; Operators and precedence; Lexical elements - the equal sign; exclude; Predefined variables; typeof operator; Matrices and the @ operator
Used by:P2 OHLCV and What a Bar HidesP4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP6 MACDP6 RSI and Rate of ChangeP6 Volume and Volume-Based IndicatorsP6 What an Indicator Actually IsP8 AFL Programming FundamentalsP8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P8 Errors, Debugging and Sanity ChecksP8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()P8 Syntax Basics: Statements, Comments and NamesP8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This CourseP8 Variables, Numbers and ExpressionsP8 What AFL Is and Where It RunsP10 Chart Titles and Dynamic TextP11 User-Defined Functions and ProceduresP30 Challenge Collection: Six Broken BacktestsP35 Defining Your Universe and Market RegimeP36 Dynamic Variables: VarSet, VarGet and FriendsP36 Matrices and Advanced Data Handling
- AmiBroker User's Guide — AI-based AFL Code Assistantretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 What AFL Is and Where It Runs
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Alertsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Internal logic; Notes
Used by:P37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP23 Knowing Where You Are: Status() and Execution ContextP25 Alert Mechanisms and AlertIf()P25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop ThemP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and AlertsP35 From Candidate to Decision
- AmiBroker User's Guide — ASCII importerretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: $ALLOWNEG, $STRICT, $TICKMODE; Ticker from file name; $FORMAT field list; ADJCLOSE, $RECALCSPLITS, $ROUNDADJ, $RAWCLOSE2OI; ADJCLOSE and volume adjustment; $TIMESHIFT
Used by:P2 Data Defects in PracticeP2 Lab: Prove That Bad Data Breaks AnalysisP2 OHLCV and What a Bar HidesP2 Splits, Dividends and Adjusted DataP3 Importing and Updating Market DataP6 Volume and Volume-Based IndicatorsP19 Lab: Build an Intraday Market DatabaseP20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Exchange Time versus Your Clock
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Assignment organizerretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Back-testing your trading ideasretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Controlling trade price; Writing your trading rules; Reserved variable names; Controlling trade price; Position sizing; Reserved variables — Exclude; Use QuickAFL
Used by:P27 Execution Assumptions You Must StateP27 From Hypothesis to RulesP27 From Observation to HypothesisP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP27 From Rules to AFLP28 AmiBroker BacktestingP28 Backtester Basics: Signals and Trade PricesP28 Costs: Commissions, Slippage and the SpreadP28 Position Sizing with SetPositionSize()P28 Project: A Realistic Portfolio BacktestP28 Single-Symbol Thinking versus Portfolio RealityP30 Survivorship and Selection BiasP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Backtest reportretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Total commissions paid; Known differences between old and new backtester; Risk Adjusted Return, Exposure; New backtester report; Max. system drawdown, Ulcer Index, known differences; Exposure %; Report statistics and known differences between old and new backtester; Report Explorer, stored formula and settings
Used by:P37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP37 Component 9: The Research ReportP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP28 Costs: Commissions, Slippage and the SpreadP28 Position Sizing with SetPositionSize()P28 Project: A Realistic Portfolio BacktestP28 Reality Check: Is the Golden Cross Worth Anything?P28 Single-Symbol Thinking versus Portfolio RealityP29 Equity Curve AnalysisP29 Reading the Backtest ReportP29 Return Metrics: Net Profit, CAR, RAR and ExposureP29 Risk Metrics: Drawdown and Its RelativesP29 Trade Statistics: Wins, Losses, Payoff and ExpectancyP29 Why Win Rate Alone Tells You Almost NothingP31 Best Value versus Robust RegionP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 Optimization Targets and Search EnginesP32 The AmiBroker Walk-Forward WorkflowP32 Interpreting Out-of-Sample DegradationP34 Drawdown and Risk of Ruin in PracticeP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and CorrelationP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of PerformanceP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Bar Replay windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Capstone Overview and RequirementsP37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP19 Lab: Build an Intraday Market DatabaseP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading LayoutP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP23 Project: Real-Time Quote DashboardP24 Real-Time ScanningP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop ThemP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest LimitsP26 Replay Exercise: Reading a Session LiveP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and Alerts
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Basic operationsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Deleting a quotation
Used by:P2 Data Defects in PracticeP19 Backfill and Database Maintenance
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Categories windowretrieved 2026-08-31, 2026-09-01
Sections: Base indexes; Rearranging categories
Used by:P3 Symbols, Watchlists and CategoriesP13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP13 Relative Strength: What It Does and Does Not MeanP15 Benchmarks and Relative PerformanceP15 Data Alignment Pitfalls Across SymbolsP15 Sectors and Intermarket Analysis
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Chart themesretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Navigating and Scaling Charts
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Chartingretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Changing bar interval (periodicity); Selecting a quote; Zooming; Shrinking, expanding and moving Y-axis scale; Using drawing tools; Selecting a quote, zooming; Intervals and periodicity; Intervals and the View menu; Linking and locking charts
Used by:P2 Timeframes, Ticks and How Bars Are BuiltP3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP3 Navigating and Scaling ChartsP3 The AmiBroker Interface and Its VocabularyP4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP4 Linear versus Logarithmic ScalingP5 Lab: Map the Structure of a Real ChartP5 Support and Resistance as ZonesP5 Trendlines and ChannelsP6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP19 The Base Interval DecisionP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading Layout
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Common Coding Mistakes in AFLretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: TimeFrameExpand() is required to match data with the original time frame; TimeFrameExpand() is required to match data with original time frame
Used by:P37 Component 4: Multi-Timeframe ChartP8 Errors, Debugging and Sanity ChecksP8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()P8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This CourseP8 Variables, Numbers and ExpressionsP9 State versus Event: The Distinction That Breaks FormulasP11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP14 Expansion Modes and the Look-Ahead TrapP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()P30 Look-Ahead BiasP36 Advanced Debugging and Tracing
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Composite recalculationretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P15 Data Alignment Pitfalls Across SymbolsP16 Breadth Concepts: Participation and Its Measures
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Copyright noticeretrieved 2026-09-03
Used by:About This Course
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Creating your own indicatorsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P8 What AFL Is and Where It RunsP8 Your First Formula
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Database Purify windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Report possible splits; Report missing quotes at the beginning
Used by:P2 Understanding Market DataP2 Data Defects in PracticeP2 Lab: Prove That Bad Data Breaks AnalysisP2 Splits, Dividends and Adjusted DataP2 Survivorship, Delistings and Index Membership
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Database settingsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Base time interval; Intraday Settings; Intraday Settings, Time shift
Used by:P2 Timeframes, Ticks and How Bars Are BuiltP3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP18 Appendix: IQFeedP19 Creating an Intraday AmiBroker DatabaseP19 The Base Interval DecisionP19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP19 Intraday Database Settings in DetailP19 Lab: Build an Intraday Market DatabaseP20 Challenge: The Opening Range That MovedP20 Daylight Saving and Alignment FailuresP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP26 Bar Replay: Mechanics and Honest LimitsP26 Replay Exercise: Intraday Setups and Alerts
- AmiBroker User's Guide — DDE universal data plug-inretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote Window
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Drag-and-drop chartingretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Adding your own formulas to the Charts tree
Used by:P3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP3 Navigating and Scaling ChartsP3 The AmiBroker Interface and Its VocabularyP6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP8 What AFL Is and Where It RunsP10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColorP10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average IndicatorP11 Include Files and Building a Library
- AmiBroker User's Guide — DTN IQFeed data plug-inretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP18 Appendix: IQFeedP19 The Base Interval Decision
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Easy Alerts windowretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Equity function and portfolio equityretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Portfolio Equity special symbol
Used by:P29 Equity Curve AnalysisP33 What Monte Carlo Can and Cannot Tell You
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Error 6, condition must be numeric or booleanretrieved 2026-09-01
Used by:P8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()
- AmiBroker User's Guide — eSignal data plug-inretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported Feeds
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Explorationretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Colour output
Used by:P37 Component 3: ScannerP37 Component 2: Stock ExplorationP5 Reality Check: Do Support Levels Actually Hold?P7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P9 Counting and Accumulating: BarsSince, Cum, SumP9 State versus Event: The Distinction That Breaks FormulasP12 The Analysis Window and Its Four ModesP12 Building Screening Filters That Mean SomethingP12 Challenge: The Scan That Returns NothingP12 Conditional Formatting, Sorting and Ranking ColumnsP12 Exploration: Filter, AddColumn and AddTextColumnP12 Lab: Your First ScanP12 Project: Build a Daily Stock ScreenerP12 Reality Check: Do High-Volume Breakouts Lead Anywhere?P14 Project: Multi-Timeframe ScannerP16 Breadth Divergence and Market RegimeP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP35 The Research Lifecycle End to End
- AmiBroker User's Guide — File menuretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Files and directories used by AmiBrokerretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP3 The AmiBroker Interface and Its VocabularyP19 Backfill and Database MaintenanceP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading Layout
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Functions accepting variable periodsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P9 Referencing Past Bars with Ref()P9 Running Extremes: HHV, LLV and Friends
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Getting startedretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Getting Started with AmiBrokerP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your Setup
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to add user-defined metricsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P29 Reading the Backtest ReportP29 Trade Statistics: Wins, Losses, Payoff and ExpectancyP29 Why Win Rate Alone Tells You Almost NothingP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of PerformanceP36 Introduction to the Custom Backtester Interface
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to download quotes manually using AmiQuoteretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Importing and Updating Market DataP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuoteWhat You Need
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to get quotes from various marketsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Real-time data table; Real-time data (Professional Edition only); Real-time and end-of-day tables, page dated 2 March 2023; Real-time data table heading, page dated 2 March 2023; Page is self-dated 2 March 2023; Real-time data
Used by:P37 Capstone: Build Your Own AmiBroker Trading Research WorkstationP37 Capstone Overview and RequirementsP37 Component 5: Real-Time or Replay WorkspaceTechnical Analysis with AmiBrokerP1 Bid, Ask, Spread and LiquidityP2 Data Defects in PracticeP2 Survivorship, Delistings and Index MembershipP3 Importing and Updating Market DataP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP17 Introduction to Real-Time MarketsP17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP18 Real-Time Data ProvidersP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuoteP18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported FeedsP18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP18 Appendix: IQFeedP19 Creating an Intraday AmiBroker DatabaseP19 Backfill and Database MaintenanceP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout AlertWhat You Need
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to update US quotes automatically using AmiQuoteretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Importing and Updating Market DataP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuote
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to use AFL debuggerretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: GetBacktesterObject outside the second phase
Used by:P8 Errors, Debugging and Sanity ChecksP36 Introduction to the Custom Backtester InterfaceP36 Advanced Debugging and Tracing
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to use AmiBroker with external data sourceretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported FeedsP19 Intraday Database Settings in Detail
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to use AmiBroker with myTrackretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported FeedsP19 The Base Interval Decision
- AmiBroker User's Guide — How to use AmiBroker with QuoteTrackerretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Import Wizard windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P2 Lab: Prove That Bad Data Breaks AnalysisP3 Importing and Updating Market DataP19 Lab: Build an Intraday Market Database
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Interactive Brokers data plug-inretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote Window
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Monte Carlo simulationretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP37 Component 9: The Research ReportP31 Optimization Targets and Search EnginesP33 The AmiBroker Monte Carlo WorkflowP33 The Limits of SimulationP33 Sequence Risk and Risk of RuinP33 What Monte Carlo Can and Cannot Tell YouP34 Drawdown and Risk of Ruin in Practice
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Multi-threadingretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Initialisation using Status("stocknum"); Status("stocknum") == 0; Reducing the use of AddToComposite / Foreign to a minimum; Accessing the ~~~Equity symbol
Used by:P3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP3 Installing AmiBroker: Versions and EditionsP11 Include Files and Building a LibraryP12 The Analysis Window and Its Four ModesP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP13 Ranking and Relative StrengthP13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP13 Ranking versus FilteringP13 Static Variables for Cross-Sectional WorkP15 Foreign(), SetForeign() and RestorePriceArrays()P15 Project: Relative Strength Comparison ToolP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading LayoutP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 Knowing Where You Are: Status() and Execution ContextP23 RequestTimedRefresh() and Real-Time PerformanceP24 Real-Time ScanningP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP29 Equity Curve AnalysisP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward AnalysisP33 The AmiBroker Monte Carlo WorkflowP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and CostP36 Static Variables in DepthWhat You Need
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Multiple time frame supportretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Available modes and caveat; How does it work internally
Used by:P37 Component 4: Multi-Timeframe ChartP2 Timeframes, Ticks and How Bars Are BuiltP14 Expansion Modes and the Look-Ahead TrapP14 TimeFrameSet() and TimeFrameRestore()P14 Why Traders Use Multiple TimeframesP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AmiBroker User's Guide — New Analysis windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Apply to and Range; Exporting and Importing the Result List; Running a sequence of actions; Defining the Date/Time Range; #pragma sequence and Run Sequence; Auto repeat Scan/Explore; Viewing Reports / Running the Report Explorer; Displaying the 3D Optimization Chart; Running a Walk-Forward Test; Exporting and Importing the Result List; Export HTML/CSV; Range settings, export, auto-repeat; Apply to, filter settings
Used by:P37 Component 3: ScannerP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP3 The AmiBroker Interface and Its VocabularyP6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P7 Reality Check: Can We Test Whether a Pattern Predicted Anything?P12 The Analysis Window and Its Four ModesP12 Challenge: The Scan That Returns NothingP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP12 Lab: Your First ScanP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe Trend IndicatorP14 Project: Multi-Timeframe ScannerP14 Why Traders Use Multiple TimeframesP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P24 Real-Time ScanningP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop ThemP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP29 Reading the Backtest ReportP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 Reading Parameter SurfacesP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP32 The AmiBroker Walk-Forward WorkflowP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward AnalysisP35 From Candidate to DecisionP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of PerformanceP35 The Research Lifecycle End to EndP35 Defining Your Universe and Market Regime
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Notice 801retrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Optimizationretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Displaying 3D animated optimization charts; Smart (non-exhaustive) optimization; 3D optimization chart; smart optimization caveats
Used by:P37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP31 Best Value versus Robust RegionP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 Optimization Targets and Search EnginesP31 Reading Parameter SurfacesP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP32 The AmiBroker Walk-Forward WorkflowP32 Interpreting Out-of-Sample DegradationP32 Walk-Forward Methodology
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Parameters windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Axes & Grid; Grid levels
Used by:P3 Navigating and Scaling ChartsP4 Linear versus Logarithmic ScalingP6 ADX and Directional MovementP6 RSI and Rate of ChangeP6 The Stochastic OscillatorP10 Parameters: Param, ParamToggle, ParamList and ParamColor
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Performance tuningretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Number of bars to load; Performance monitoring
Used by:P2 Timeframes, Ticks and How Bars Are BuiltP3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()P8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This CourseP17 Delayed, Real-Time and Historical DataP17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP19 Creating an Intraday AmiBroker DatabaseP19 Backfill and Database MaintenanceP19 The Base Interval DecisionP19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP19 Intraday Database Settings in DetailP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and CostsP36 Performance: QuickAFL, Multi-Threading and Cost
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Plugins windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP18 Appendix: eSignal and Other Supported FeedsP18 Appendix: IQFeed
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Portfolio Backtester Interface Referenceretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Trade object; Stats object metric names; Stats object and Trade object; MonteCarloSim object
Used by:P29 Reading the Backtest ReportP29 Return Metrics: Net Profit, CAR, RAR and ExposureP29 Risk Metrics: Drawdown and Its RelativesP29 Trade Statistics: Wins, Losses, Payoff and ExpectancyP29 Why Win Rate Alone Tells You Almost NothingP31 Optimization Targets and Search EnginesP33 The AmiBroker Monte Carlo WorkflowP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of PerformanceP36 Introduction to the Custom Backtester Interface
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Portfolio-level backtestingretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Backtest modes; Resolving same-bar, same-symbol signal conflicts; Price arrays do not provide timing information; Setting up position size; HOLDMINBARS and EARLY EXIT FEES; AllowSameBarExit scenarios; Portfolio equity; Max. open positions, MaxOpenLong/MaxOpenShort, SeparateLongShortRank
Used by:P37 Capstone: Build Your Own AmiBroker Trading Research WorkstationP37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP37 Capstone Overview and RequirementsP37 Component 9: The Research ReportP37 Component 6: The Trading StrategyP9 Challenge: State or Event?P9 Cleaning Signals: ExRem, ExRemSpan and FlipP27 Execution Assumptions You Must StateP27 Project: Your First Complete Trading SystemP27 From Rules to AFLP28 AmiBroker BacktestingP28 Backtester Basics: Signals and Trade PricesP28 Costs: Commissions, Slippage and the SpreadP28 Portfolio Backtesting: Many Symbols, One AccountP28 Position Sizing with SetPositionSize()P28 Project: A Realistic Portfolio BacktestP28 Reality Check: Is the Golden Cross Worth Anything?P28 Single-Symbol Thinking versus Portfolio RealityP28 Stops with ApplyStop()P29 Return Metrics: Net Profit, CAR, RAR and ExposureP29 Risk Metrics: Drawdown and Its RelativesP30 Challenge Collection: Six Broken BacktestsP30 Challenge: 180% a Year with a 3% DrawdownP30 Position Sizing and Portfolio ErrorsP30 Survivorship and Selection BiasP30 Unrealistic Fills, Costs and LiquidityP31 Reading Parameter SurfacesP34 Drawdown and Risk of Ruin in PracticeP34 Lab: Same Strategy, Three Position-Sizing ModelsP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and CorrelationP34 Risk Per Trade and Stop DistanceP34 Volatility-Based Position SizingP35 Defining Your Universe and Market Regime
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Preferencesretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Intraday tab; Data tab; Charting tab; Intraday tab, every-tick chart refresh; Data and Intraday tabs; Intraday and AFL tabs; Intraday and Charting tabs; Charting and Miscellaneous tabs; Intraday; Alerts tab; Intraday and Alerts tabs
Used by:P2 Timeframes, Ticks and How Bars Are BuiltP3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP3 Lab: Install AmiBroker and Verify Your SetupP3 Navigating and Scaling ChartsP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP19 Intraday Database Settings in DetailP20 Exchange Time versus Your ClockP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP21 Intraday Chart Intervals and What They CostP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading LayoutP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP23 RequestTimedRefresh() and Real-Time PerformanceP24 Defining Intraday Setup ConditionsP25 Alert Mechanisms and AlertIf()P25 Duplicate Alerts and How to Stop ThemP25 Project: Real-Time Breakout Alert
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Pyramidingretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P9 Cleaning Signals: ExRem, ExRemSpan and FlipP34 Volatility-Based Position Sizing
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Reading backtest reportretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of Performance
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Real-time quote windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP22 Real-Time Quotes and Time & SalesP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP23 Project: Real-Time Quote Dashboard
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Registering AmiBrokerretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Settings windowretrieved 2026-08-31, 2026-09-01
Sections: Pad and align all data to reference symbol; Pad and align to reference symbol; General tab; Report tab; General tab, Portfolio tab; Use previous bar equity for position sizing; General tab — Pad and align to reference symbol; Limit trade size as % of entry bar volume
Used by:P37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP13 Project: Market Relative Strength Ranking ToolP15 Data Alignment Pitfalls Across SymbolsP16 Building Composites with AddToComposite()P16 Project: Market Breadth DashboardP29 Equity Curve AnalysisP29 Reading the Backtest ReportP29 Risk Metrics: Drawdown and Its RelativesP30 Challenge: 180% a Year with a 3% DrawdownP30 Insufficient Evidence and Regime DependenceP30 Look-Ahead BiasP30 Position Sizing and Portfolio ErrorsP30 Survivorship and Selection BiasP30 Unrealistic Fills, Costs and LiquidityP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 What Optimize() Actually DoesP34 Portfolio Exposure, Concentration and CorrelationP34 Risk Per Trade and Stop DistanceP35 Journalling and Separating Two Kinds of Performance
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Symbol information windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Importing and Updating Market DataP3 Symbols, Watchlists and CategoriesP19 Lab: Build an Intraday Market Database
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Symbol menuretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Split; Merge
Used by:P2 Splits, Dividends and Adjusted DataP2 Survivorship, Delistings and Index Membership
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Symbols windowretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Time and Sales windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP22 Real-Time Quotes and Time & SalesP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell You
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Tools menuretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Cleanup database
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Troubleshooting guideretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P19 Backfill and Database MaintenanceP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped Updating
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Understanding AmiBroker database conceptsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Getting Started with AmiBrokerP3 Databases and the Base Time IntervalP3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP19 Intraday Database Settings in Detail
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Understanding categoriesretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P3 Symbols, Watchlists and CategoriesP20 Sessions: Regular Hours, Pre-Market and After-HoursP35 Defining Your Universe and Market Regime
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Understanding how AFL worksretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: What is an Array?; New looping; Array evaluation table; Array processing and warm-up; Variable-period exponential average
Used by:P2 Understanding Market DataP2 OHLCV and What a Bar HidesP6 Moving Average Slope and CrossoversP6 Moving Averages: SMA and EMAP6 Reality Check: Does RSI Above 70 Mean Sell?P6 What an Indicator Actually IsP8 AFL Programming FundamentalsP8 Boolean Arrays: Close > MA(Close, 50)P8 Logic, Conditionals and IIf()P8 Null Values, Nz() and Warm-Up PeriodsP8 The Array Model: The Most Important Lesson in This CourseP9 Referencing Past Bars with Ref()P10 Project: Configurable Moving-Average IndicatorP11 Defensive AFL: Guarding Against Bad Input and Bad DataP36 Advanced Debugging and Tracing
- AmiBroker User's Guide — User-defined functionsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P10 Project: Multi-Indicator Analysis PanelP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility LibraryP11 User-Defined Functions and ProceduresP11 Variable Scope: local, global and the TrapsP36 Dynamic Variables: VarSet, VarGet and Friends
- AmiBroker User's Guide — User-interface customizationretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Using Batch windowretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Analysis project (.APX) files; Analysis Project (.APX) files
Used by:P12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP12 Lab: Your First ScanP32 The AmiBroker Walk-Forward WorkflowP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward Analysis
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Using colors, styles, titles and parameters in indicatorsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Style constants; Ribbon example
Used by:P4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP4 Market Structure: Trends, Ranges and TransitionsP10 Chart Titles and Dynamic TextP10 PlotShapes() and Visual SignalsP10 Plotting with Plot(): Styles, Colours and Panes
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Using fundamental dataretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Using studies in AFL formulasretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P5 Trendlines and Channels
- AmiBroker User's Guide — View menuretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Price Chart Style; Zoom
Used by:P3 Navigating and Scaling ChartsP4 Chart Types and What Each One ShowsP4 Lab: Structured Chart InterpretationP4 Linear versus Logarithmic Scaling
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Walk-forward testingretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Optimization target
Used by:P37 Capstone: Build Your Own AmiBroker Trading Research WorkstationP37 Components 7 and 8: Backtest and Robustness EvaluationP37 Capstone Overview and RequirementsP37 Component 9: The Research ReportP30 Data Snooping, Curve Fitting and OverfittingP30 Insufficient Evidence and Regime DependenceP31 Lab: Optimise Without Fooling YourselfP31 Optimization Targets and Search EnginesP32 The AmiBroker Walk-Forward WorkflowP32 In-Sample and Out-of-SampleP32 Interpreting Out-of-Sample DegradationP32 Lab: Run a Walk-Forward AnalysisP32 Walk-Forward MethodologyP33 The Limits of Simulation
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Warning 509retrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P14 Expansion Modes and the Look-Ahead TrapP30 Look-Ahead Bias
- AmiBroker User's Guide — What's newretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Highlights of versions 5.30 and 5.70; Highlights of version 6.00; Highlights of version 6.00; change log for 6.10.0
Used by:P8 What AFL Is and Where It RunsP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP29 Equity Curve AnalysisP33 The AmiBroker Monte Carlo WorkflowWhat You Need
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Working with chart sheets and window layoutsretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Portable chart files and include files
Used by:P3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP3 Navigating and Scaling ChartsP3 The AmiBroker Interface and Its VocabularyP6 Lab: Indicator Behaviour WorkbenchP11 Include Files and Building a LibraryP11 Project: Your Personal AFL Utility LibraryP21 Lab: Build a Real-Time Trading Layout
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Working with layersretrieved 2026-08-31
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Working with real-time data sourcesretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Things you should NOT do; Connection status display
Used by:P2 Data Defects in PracticeP17 Introduction to Real-Time MarketsP17 Edition Requirements and the Three Access LevelsP17 Plugins and the Database RelationshipP17 The Real-Time Architecture, End to EndP18 Real-Time Data ProvidersP18 Choosing a Data Source: A Decision FrameworkP18 Free and End-of-Day Sources with AmiQuoteP18 Appendix: Interactive BrokersP18 Appendix: IQFeedP19 Backfill and Database MaintenanceP19 Challenge: The History That Is Not All ThereP19 Lab: Build an Intraday Market DatabaseP21 Challenge: The Chart That Stopped UpdatingP21 Feed Updating versus Chart RefreshP22 Real-Time Quotes and Time & SalesP22 Quote Fields and the Real-Time Quote WindowP22 Time & Sales: What It Does and Does Not Tell YouP23 GetRTData() and the Live Quote FieldsP24 Real-Time ScanningP24 Project: Intraday Breakout ScannerP24 Repeat Scanning: Mechanics and Costs
- AmiBroker User's Guide — Working with watch listsretrieved 2026-08-31
Used by:P2 Survivorship, Delistings and Index MembershipP3 Lab: Build Your First AmiBroker WorkspaceP3 Symbols, Watchlists and CategoriesP12 Exporting Results and Building a Daily WorkflowP30 Survivorship and Selection Bias
- AmiBroker's Technical Analysis Guide — Introductionretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Introduction
Used by:P1 Probability, Not PredictionP1 Technical, Fundamental and Systematic Analysis
norgatedata.com
- Norgate Data — AmiBroker database creationretrieved 2026-08-31
Sections: Date Padding
Used by:P2 Data Defects in Practice
Sources for this lesson
1 verified · checked 2026-08-31
- 01AmiBroker User's Guideamibroker.com/guide2026-08-31
Every technical claim on this page was checked against the official AmiBroker documentation on the date shown. Where the course disagrees with folklore, the source is how you can tell which one to trust.